用于生命科学的形态计量学MORPHOMETRICS FOR THE LIFE SCIENCES

The idea of form is one of the most fundamental concepts underlying all of the sciences. Our visual system is so well developed that we are able to effortlessly classify and compare visual images. What is not so well developed has been our ability to measure this visual information. This book examines a number of recent approaches currently in use to numerically characterize the biological form. It presents a unique overview of these methods, starting with a review of measurement set in a historical framework. The book will be of interest to graduate students in addition to a wide range of researchers, including those in the specialized fields of human biology, growth and development, orthodontics, botany, biology, ecology, zoology, as well as dentistry and medicine.

Prologue
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Acknowledgments
PART ONE: THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
　1. INTRODUCTION TO MORPHOMETRICS
　1.1. INTRODUCTION
1.1.1. The Visual Process
1.1.2. A Dual View of the World
　　1.2. THE ISSUE OF QUANTIFICATION
1.2.1. What is Morphometrics?
1.2.2. From Morphology to Process
　　1.3. CONTENTS OF THIS VOLUME
　　1.4. A NOTE TO THE READER
　　KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER
　　CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
　　REFERENCES CITED
　2. AN INTRODUCTION TO RESEARCH METHODS
　　2.1. INTRODUCTION
2.1.1. Definitions of Science
2.1.2. The Scientific Method
　　2.2. LIMITATIONS OF SCIENCE
2.2.1. Ethical Considerations
2.2.2. Principle of Independence
　　2.3. SOME STATISTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
2.3.1. Bias toward the Use of Statistics
2.3.2. Types of Research Studies
2.4. THE RESEARCH PLAN
2.4.1. Initial Steps
2.4.2. Collection and Data Analysis
2.4.3. Some Other Requirements
2.5. THE PROCEDURAL ENDEAVOR
2.5.1. From the Literature Search to Hypotheses
　　　2.5.2. The Research Design
　　　2.5.3. Research Results
　　2.6. THE DOCUMENTATION ENDEAVOR
　　　2.6.1. Introductory Material
　　　2.6.2. Materials and Methods
　　　2.6.3. Results and Conclusions
　　2.7. SOME FINAL COMMENTS
KEY POINTS OF THE CHAPTER
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING
REFERENCES CITED
　3. A HISTORY OF SCIENTIFIC MEASUREMENT
　　3.1. INTRODUCTION
　　　3.1.1. Precursors of Science
　　　3.1.2. Development of Language
　　3.2. EARLY BEGINNINGS OF MEASUREMENT
　　　3.2.1. The First Civilization: Mesopotamia
　　　3.2.2. Egyptian, Roman and Later Accomplishments
　　　3.2.3. Developments on the Indian Subcontinent
　　　3.2.4. Rise of Chinese Civilization
　　3.3. GREEK AND ROMAN SCIENCE
　　　3.3.1. The Pre-Socratics
　　　3.3.2. From Pythagoras to Democritus
　　　3.3.3. Platonic and Aristotelian Philosophy
　　　3.3.4. Greco-Roman Achievements
　　3.4. THE HELLENISTIC PERIOD INTO MEDIEVALISM
　　　3.4. I. The Islamic Contribution
　　　3.4.2. Early Medieval Philosophical Developments
　　　3.4.3 The Ptolemaic Worldview
　　3.5. FROM THE RENAISSANCE TO THE ENLIGHTENMENT
　　　3.5.1. The Copernican Revolution
　　　3.5.2. Developments Leading to Newton and Beyond
……
PART TWO:MORPHOMETRIC TECHNIQUES
EPILOGUE
APPENDIX I.EFF23:A COMPUTER PROGRAM
APPENDIX II.EFF23 PROGRAM FLOWCHARTS
INDEX