环境化学(第2版)(英文版)

This book is intended as a text, but also as a reference book to provide a background to those who need an understanding of the chemical basis of many environmentally important processes. As a text, it is probably too extensive to be covered completely in a single course, but in our own use we have found that particular chapters and sections can be selected according to the topics desired. We have attempted to group chapters in a way that is suitable for this. In some cases, this has resulted in different aspects of some topics being covered in different chapters. We do not believe that this has led to either excessive fragmentation or redundancy. As either a text or reference, the reader will need some chemistry background; we have not attempted to write this book at a beginning level. Besides a good grounding in general chemistry, some knowledge of organic chemistry is needed for the sections dealing with organic compounds. .
The objective of the book is to deal with the chemical principles and reactions that govern the behavior of both natural environmental systems and anthropogenic compounds important in the environment, although obviously it is a general coverage and does not pretend to go deeply into specialty areas such as marine chemistry or geochemistry. From time to time we may have stretched the scope of chemistry a bit—for example, we deal with atmospheric circulation because this is important to understanding some of the consequences of atmospheric chemistry—and we mention some nonchemical energy sources for completeness. ..
The book starts with a discussion of the atmosphere, leading into chapters on photochemistry and other atmospheric chemical reactions. Three chapters deal with the environmental chemistry of organic compounds of important types, including petroleum, detergents, pesticides, and plastics. Following sections deal mainly with water and the inorganic chemistry in natural water systems, including the environmental chemistry of selected elements, followed by a brief chapter on the lithosphere. Two chapters deal with nuclear chemistry in some detail. Other chapters deal with energy and recycling. Where appropriate, we have made reference to recent scientific publications, mainly in footnotes, and have suggested additional reading at the end of each chapter, but we have made no effort to give extensive literature coverage. We have included a few references to information on the Internet, which can be a valuable source of data if care is taken to use reliable sources such as governmental agencies and to remember tbat mucb material is not reviewed; some of it is just plain wrong. Exercises have been provided that can be used for selfstudy or for class assignments. ...

PREFACE
ABOUT THE AUTH口RS
1 INTRODUCTl0N
1.1 GeneraI
1.2 Pollution and Environmental Problems
1.3 Waste Disposal
1.4 Risk
1.5 Energy
1.6 Population
1.7 The Scope of Chemistry of the EnVironment
Additional Readinq
2 ATMOSPHERIC COMPOSITl0N AND BEHAVl0R
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Gaseous Constituents of the Atmosphere
2.3 History of the Atmosphere
2.3.1 Evidence and General Theory
2.3.2 Carbon Dioxide
2.3.3 Nitrogen
2.3.4 Oxygen
2.4 Particulate Constituents of the Atmosphere
2.5 Extent of the Atmosphere and Its Temperature and Pressure Profile
2.6 Generaf Circulation of the Atmosphere
2.7 Conclusion
AdditionaI Reading
Exercises
3 ENERGY AND CUMATE
3.1 Energy Balance of the Earth
3.1.1 Incoming Radiation from the Sun
3.1.2 The Greenhouse Effect
3.1.3 0ther Factors
3.2 Climate History of the Earth
3.3 Causes of Global Climate Changes
3.3.1 General Comments
3.3.2 The Milankovitch Theory of Earth's 0rbital Variations
3.3.3 Greenhouse Effect Changes
3.3.4 Albedo Changes
3.3.5 Computer Models
3.4 Small.Scale Climate
3.5 Temperature 1nversions
3.6 C0ncIusions
Additional Reading
Exercises
4 PRINClPLES OF PHOYOCl4EMISTRY
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Electromagnetic Radiation
……
5 ATMOSPHERIC PHOTOCHEMISTRY
6 PETROLEUM,HYDROCARBONS,AND COAL
7 SOAPS,SYNTHETIC SURFACTANTS,AND POLYMERS
8 HALOORGANICS AND PESTICIDES
9 CHEMISTRY IN AQUEOUS MEDIA
10 THE ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY OF SOME IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
11 WATER SYSTEMS AND WATER TREATMENT
12 THE EARTH'S CRUST
13 PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS OF ATOMIC NUCLEI,RADIOACTIVITY,AND IONIZING RADIATION
14 THE NUCLEAR ENVIRONMENT
15 ENERGY
16 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL AND RECYCLING
APPENDIX A DESIGNATION OF SPECTROSCOPIC STATES
APPENDIX B THORIUM AND ACTIUM SERIES
APPENDIX C UNITS
APPENDIX D SYMBOLS AND APPREVIATIONS
INDEX

The predecessor to this book originated in the 1970s as notes to a junior/senior level course in "Chemistry of the Environment" that the authors developed at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in response to the interest in environmental concerns developing at that time. The present volume is an updated and expanded version of the original book published in 1978 and used ever since. . Major changes in environmental problems have occurred in the years since the publication of the first edition, including the ozone and global warming concerns, ..