微观经济学原理/高等学校经济学类英文版教材

由主流经济学家来撰写标准经济学教科书，并且试图影响经济学界内外乃至整个社会，是经济学界由来已久的传统。由哈佛大学经济学教授N?格里高利?曼昆编写的经济学教科书系列是当今世界上最畅销的经济学基础教材， 目前已经被翻译成多种语言文字，成为许多国家的大学经济学通用教材，并且被数以百万计的经济学教师、学生和其他读者所使用。它简洁明快、有趣的文字和层水分明的内在逻辑吸引了成千上万对经济学尚无任何了解的读者，成为最便捷和最实用的经济学入门教材。

经济学能做什么？经济学能够为大家所提供的东西到底是什么？这些问题显然要涉及到经济学的逻辑与效用，概括地说，经济学并非世俗理解中的一套致富方法或快速见效的使用工具，而仅仅是一套观察世界和分析世界的理论分析方法和应用体系。

N．格里高利．曼昆(N．Gregory Mankiw)，先后毕业于美国普林斯顿大学和麻省理工学院，目前是哈佛大学经济学教授和美国总统经济顾问委员会主席，讲授微观经济学、宏观经济学、统计学和经济学原理。曼昆教授是一位多产作者，经常参与学术性与政策性的争论。他的作品不但发表在《美国经济评论》等学术期刊上，也发表在诸如《纽约时报》、《金融时报》、《华尔街杂志》和《财富》等大众化报刊上。他还兼任国民经济研究局研究员、波士顿联邦储备银行和国会预算办公室的顾问，以及ETS经济学高级考试命题委员会成员。

How People Make Decisions 3
Principle#1：People Face Tradeoffs 3
Principle#2：The Cost of Something
IsWhatYouGiveUPtoGetIt 4
Principle#3：Rational People Think at the Margin 5
Principle#4：People Respond to Incentives 6
HOW People Interact 7
Principle#5：Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off 7
Principle#6：Markets Are Usually a Good Wav
to Organize Economic Activity 8
j Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand 9
Principle#7：Governments Can Sometimes
Improve Market Outcomes 9
HOW the Economy as a Whole Works 1 0
Principle8：A Country’S Standard of Living Depends on
Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services 1 0
Principle#9：Prices Rise When the Government
PrintsTooMuchMoney 11
Principle10：Society Faces a Short—Run Tradeoff
between Inflation and Unemployment 1 2
F：HOW to Read This Book 13
Conclusion 1 4
Summary 14
KeyConcepts 1 5
Questions for Review 1 5
Problems and Applications 1 5
The Economist as Scientist 1 8
The Scientific Method：Observation，Theor
and More Observation 1 9
The Role of Assumptions 1 9
Economic Models 20
Our First Model：The Circular-Flow Diagram 2 1
Our Second Model：The Production Possibilities
Frontier 22
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 24
The Economist as Policy Adviser 26
Positive versus Normative Analysis 26
Why Economists Disagree 27
Differences in Scientific Judgments 28
Differences in Values 28
Perception versus Reality 28
Summary 30
Key Concepts 30
Questions for Review 30
Problems and Applications 30
A Parable for the Modern Economy 33
Production Possibilities 33
The Principle of Comparative Advantage 35
Absolute Advantage 36
Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage 37
Comparative Advantage and Trade 38
Applications of Comparative Advantage 39
Should Tiger Woods Mow His Own Lawn? 39
Should the United States Trade with
Other Countries?40
Conclusion 4 1
Summary 41
Key Concepts 41
Questions for Review 4 1
Problems and Applications 42
Markets and Competition 47
Competitive Markets 47
Competition：Perfect and Otherwise 47
Demand 48
The Demand Curve：The Relationship between Price and
Quantity Demanded 48
Market Demand versus Individual Demand 49
Shifts in the Demand Curve 50
CASE STUDY：Two Ways to Reduce the Quantity
of Smoking Demanded 53
Supply 54
The Supply Curve：The Relationship
between Price and Quantity Supplied 54
Market Supply versus Individual Supply 55
Shifts in the Supply Curve 56
Supply and Demand Together 58
Equiliblrium 58
Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium 60
Conclusion：How Prices Allocate Resources 65
Summary 66
Key Concepts 67
Questions for Review 67
Problems and Applications 68
The Elasticity of Demand 7 1
The Price Elasticity of Demand and Its Determinants 7 1
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand 72
The Midpoint Method：A Better Way to Calculate
Percentage Changes and Elasticities 73
STUDV Pricing Admission to a Museum 75
On the Road with Elasticity 75
Other Demand Elasticities 76
The Elasticity of Supply 77
The Price Elasticity of Supply and Its Determinants 77
Computing the Price Elasticity of Supply 78
The Variety of Supply Curves 78 ’
Three Applications of Supply,Demand，
and Elasticity 81
Can Good NeWS for Farming Be Bad NeWS for
Farmers?81
Why Did OPEC Fail to Keep the Price of Oil High?83
Conclusion 84 ，
Summary 85
KevConcepts 85
Questions for Review 85
Problems and Applications 86
Controls on Prices 89
HOW Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes 89
eASSTUD Y：Lines at the Gas Pump 91
CASE STUDY=The Minimum Wage 92
HOW Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes 92
：Does a Drought Need to Cause a Water
Shortage? 93
Evaluating Price Controls 96
Taxes 97
HOW Taxes on Buyers Affect Market Outcomes 97
How Taxes on Sellers Affect Market Outcomes 99
CASE STUDY=Wh0 Pays the Luxury Tax? 1 01
Conclusion 1 01
Summary 102
Key Concepts 102
Ouestions for Review 102
Problems and Applications 1 02
e}{APTER 7
CONSUMERS，PRODUCERS，
AND THE EFFICIENCY OF MARKETS 106
Consumer Surplus 1 07
Willingness to Pay 107
Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer
Surplus 108
HOW a Lower Price Raises Consumer Surplus 109
What Does Consumer Surplus Measure? 1 1 0
Producer Surplus 11 2
Cost and the Willingness to Sell 11 2
Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus 1 1 3
How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplus 1 1 5
Market Efficiency 1 1 6
The Benevolent Social Planner 1 1 6
Evaluating the Market Equilibrium 1 1 7
l Ticket Scalping 1 20
Conclusion：Market Efficiency and Market Failure 1 2 1
Summary 1 22
Key Concepts 1 22
Questions for Review 1 2 2
Problems and Applications 1 23
The Deadweight Loss of Taxation 1 26
HOW a Tax Affects Market Participants 1 2 7
Deadweight Losses and the Gains from Trade 1 29
The Determinants of the Deadweight Loss 1 30
CASE STUDY：The Deadweight Loss Debate 132
Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue as Taxes Vary 133
Henry George and the Land Tax 134
CASE STUDY：The Laffer Curve and Supply—Side
Economics 1 35
Conclusion 1 37
Summary 138
Key Concepts 1 38
Questions for Review 1 38
Problems and Applications 1 38
The Determinants of nade 1 4 1
The Equilibrium without Trade 1 4 1
The World Price and Comparative Advantage 1 42
The Winners and Losers from Trade 1 43
The Gainsnd Losses of an Exporting Country 1 43
The Gains and Losses of an Importing Country 145
TheEffectsofal．ariff 147
l Life in Isoland 149
The Effects of an Import Quota 1 50
The Arguments for Restricting Trade 1 52
F￥k 0ther Benefits of International Trade 1 53
The 10bs Argument 1 53
The National—Security Argument 1 54
The Infant—Industry Argument 1 54
The Unfair—Competition Argument 1 54
The Protection—as—a—Bargaining—Chip Argument 1 55
CASE STU DY：Trade Agreements and the World Trade
Organization 1 55
l Globalization 1 56
Conclusion 1 57
Summary 1 58
Key Concepts 1 59
Questions for Review 1 59
Problems and Applications 1 59
Externalities and Market Inefficiency 1 63
Welfare Economics：A Recap 1 64
Negative Externalities 1 65
Positive ExternaHties 1 66
CASE STUDY：Technology Spillovers and Industrial Policy 1 67
Private Solutions to Externalities 1 68
The Types of Private Solutions 1 68
The Coase Theorem 1 69
Why Private Solutions Do Not Always Work 170
Public Policies toward Externalities 17 1
Regulation 17 1
Pigovian Taxes and Subsidies 172
CASE STUDY：Why Is Gasoline Taxed So Heavily?173
Tradable Pollution Permits 174
Objections to the Economic Analysis of Pollution 17 5
Conclusion 176
Summary 177
Key Concepts 17 7
Questions for Review 17 7
Problems and Applications 17 7
The Different Kinds of Goods 1 8 1
Public Goods 1 82
The Free—Rider Problem 183
Some Important Public Goods 183
CASE STUDY=Are Lighthouses Public Goods?185
The Difficult Job of Cost—Benefit Analysis 186
Common Resources 187
The Tragedy of the Commons 1 87
Some Important Common Resources 1 88
lThe Singapore Solution 188
CASE STUDY：Whv the Cow Is No

自教育部在《关于加强高等学校本科教学工作提高教学质量的若干意见》[教高(2001)4号]中提出双语教学的要求后，各地高校相继开设了一系列双语教学课程。这对提高学生的学科和外文水平，开阔国际视野，培养创新型人才起到了重要的作用；一大批教师也逐渐熟悉了外文授课，自身的教学水平和能力得到较大提高，具备国际学术思维的中青年教师脱颖而出。同时，经过近几年的双语教学实践，国外原版教材量大、逻辑不够清晰、疏离中国现实等问题也影响了双语教学的效果。因此，对外版教材进行本土化的精简改编，使之更加适合我国的双语教学已提上教材建设日程。 为了满足高等学校经济管理类双语课程本土化教学的需要..

Should Tiger Woods MOW His Own Lawn?Tiger Woods spends a lot of time walking around on grass．One of the most tal—ented golfers of all time，he can hit a drive and sink a putt in a way that most ca—sual golfers only dream of doing．Most likely,he is talented at other activities too．For example。let’S imagine that Wloods can mow his lawn faster than anyone else．But{ust because he can mow his lawn fast，does this mean he should? To answer this question,we can use the concepts of opportunity cost and com-parative advantage．Let’s say that WOods can mow his lawn in 2 hours．In thatsame 2 hours，he could film a television commercial for N『ike and earn$10，000．By contrast，Forrest Gump，the boy next door,can mow W60ds’s lawn in 4 hours．Inthat same 4 hours，he could work at McDonald’s and earn$20． In this example，Woods’s opportunity cost of mowing the lawn is$10，000 andForrest’s opportunity cost is$20．Woods has an absolute advantage in mowinglawns because he can do the work in less time．Yet Forrest has a comparative ad-vantage in mowing lawns because he has the lower opportunity cost． The gains from trade in this example are tremendous．Rather than mowing hisown lawn．Woods should make the commercial and hire Forrest to mow the lawn．As 10ng as Woods pays Forrest more than$20 and less than$1 o，000，both of them are better off．Should the United States Trade with Other Countries?Just as individuals can benefit from specialization and trade with one another,asthe farmer and rancher did，so can populations of people in different countries．Many of the goods that Americans enjoy are produced abroad，and many of thegoods produced in the United States are sold abroad．Goods produced abroad and sold domestically are called imports．Goods produced domestically and sold abroad are called exports． To see how countries can benefit from trade，suppose there are two countries，the United States and Japan，and two goods，food and cars．Imagine that the two count ……