经济学原理/高等学校经济学类英文版教材

由主流经济学家来撰写标准经济学教科书，并且试图影响经济学界内外乃至整全社会，是经济学界由来已久的传统，由哈佛大学经济教授N·格里高利·曼昆编写的经济学教科书系列是当今世界上最畅销的经济学基础教材，目前已经被翻译成多种语言文字，成为许多国家的大学经济学能通用教材，并且被数以百成计的经济学教师、学生和其他读者所使用。它简洁明快、有趣的文字和层次分明的内在逻辑吸引了成千上成对经济学尚无任何了解的读者，成为最便捷和最实用的经济入门教材。

要理解和掌握经济学的逻辑和思维方法，就需要对经济学原理或基础知识进行系统的学习，而经济学教科书的内容总是与特定时代相联系的，因此经济学教科书的内容既是历史精华的浓缩，也是时代进步和思想演进的体现，本书简洁明快、有趣的文字和层次分明的内在逻辑使之成为最便捷和最实用的经济学入门教材。

N．格里高利．曼昆(N．Gregory Mankiw)，先后毕业于美国普林斯顿大学和麻省理工学院，目前是哈佛大学经济学教授和美国总统经济顾问委员会主席，讲授微观经济学、宏观经济学、统计学和经济学原理。曼昆教授是一位多产作者，经常参与学术性与政策性的争论。他的作品不但发表在《美国经济评论》等学术期刊上，也发表在诸如《纽约时报》、《金融时报》、《华尔街杂志》和《财富》等大众化报刊上。他还兼任国民经济研究局研究员、波士顿联邦储备银行和国会预算办公室的顾问，以及ETS经济学高级考试命题委员会成员。

How People Make Decisions 3
Principle#1：People Face Tradeoffs 3
Principle：The Cost of Something
IsWhatYouGiveUptoGetIt 4
Principle#3：Rational People Think at the Margin 5
Principle：People Respond to Incentives 6
How People Interact 7
Principle#5：Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off 7
Principle6：Markets Are Usually a Good Way
to Organize Economic Activity 8
FYI：Adam Smith and the Invisible Hand 9
Principle7：Governments Can Sometimes
Improve Market Outcomes 9
How the Economy as a Whole W0rks 10
Principle：A Country"s Standard of Living Depends on
Its Ability to Produce Goods and Services 1 O
Principle：Prices Rise When the Government
PrintsToOMuchMoney 11
Principle#10：Society Faces a Short—Run Tradeoff
between Inflation and Unemployment 1 2
FVl：HOW to Read This Book 13
Conclusion 1 4
Summary 14
Key Concepts 1 5
Questions for Review 1 5
Problems and Applications 1 5
The Economist as Scientist 1 8
The Scientific Method：Observation，Theor~
and More Observation 1 9
The Role of Assumptions 1 9
Economic Models 20
Our First Model：The Circular-Flow Diagram 2 1
Our Second Model：The Production Possibilities
Frontier 22
Microeconomics and Macroeconomics 24
The Economist as Policy Adviser 26
Positive versus Normative Analysis 26
Why Economists Disagree 27
Differences in Scientific Judgments 28
Differences in Values 28
Perception versus Reality 28
Summary 30
KeyConcepts 30
Questions for Review 30
Problems and Applications 30
A Parable for the Modern Economy 33
Production Possibilities 33
The Principle of Comparative Advantage 35
Absolute Advantage 36
Opportunity Cost and Comparative Advantage 37
Comparative Advantage and Trade 38
Applications of Comparative Advantage 39
Should Tiger Woods Mow His Own Lawn?39
Should the United States Trade with
Other Countries?40
Conclusion 4 1
Summary 41
Key Concepts 41
Questions for Review 4 1
Problems and Applications 4 2
Markets and Competition 47
Competitive Markets 47
Competition：Perfect and Otherwise 47
Demand 48
The Demand Curve：The Relationship between Price and
Quantity Demanded 48
Market Demand versus Individual Demand 49
Shifts in the Demand Curve 50
CASE STUDY：Two Ways to Reduce the Quantity
of Smoking Demanded 53
Supply 54
The Supply Curve：The Relationship
between Price and Quantity Supplied 54
Market Supply versuS Individual Supply 55
Shifts in the Supply Curve 56
Supply and Demand Together 58
Equilibriu m 58
Three Steps to Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium 60
Conclusion：HOW Prices Allocate Resources 65
Summary 66
Key Concepts 67
Questions for Review 67
Problems and Applications 68
The Elasticity of Demand 7 1 ．
The Price Elasticity of Demand and Its Determinants 7 1
Computing the Price Elasticity of Demand 72
The Midpoint Method：A Better Wav to Calculate
Percentage Changes and Elasticities 73
Pricing Admission to a Museum 75
n t一“。| OntheRoadwithElasticity 75
．Other Demand Elasticities 76
1：he Elasticity of Supply 77
The Price Elasticity of Supply and Its Determidants 77
Computing the Price Elasticity of Supp!y 78
The Variety of Supply Curves 78
Three Applications of Supply,Demand，
and Elasticity 81
Can Good NeWS for Farming Be Bad News for
Farmers?81
Why Did OPEC Fail to Keep the Price of Oil High?83
Conclusion 84 ．
Summary 85
Key Concepts 85
Questions for Review 85
Problems and Applications 86
Controls on Prices 89
HOW Price Ceilings Affect Market Outcomes 89
CASE STUDY：Lines at the Gas Pump 9 1
eg STUY：The Minimum Wa2e 92
HOW Price Floors Affect Market Outcomes 92
Does aDroughtNeedtoCause ater
Shortage? 93
Evaluating Price Controls 96
Taxes 97
HOW Taxes on Buyers Affect Market Outcomes 97
HOW Taxes on Sellers Affect Market Outcomes 99
fSSTUDWho Pays the Luxury 11ax? 101
Conclusion 101
Summary 102
Key Concepts 102
Questions for Review 1 02
Problems and Applications 1 02
Consumer Surplus 1 07
Willingness to Pay 1 07
Using the Demand Curve to Measure Consumer
Surplus 108
How a Lower Price Raises Consumer Surplus 109
What Does Consumer Surplus Measure? 1 1 0
Producer Surplus 11 2
Cost and the Willingness to Sell 11 2
Using the Supply Curve to Measure Producer Surplus”3
How a Higher Price Raises Producer Surplus 1 1 5
Market Efficiency 1 1 6
The Benevolent Social Planner 11 6
Evaluating the Market Equilibrium”7
Ticket Scalping 1 20
Conclusion：Market Efficiency and Market Failure 1 2 1
Summary 1 22
Kev Concepts 1 22
Questions for Review 1 22
Problems and Applications 1 23
The Deadweight Loss of Taxation 1 26
How a Tax Affects Market Participants 1 2 7
Deadweight Losses and the Gains from Trade 1 29
The Determinants of the Deadweight Loss 1 30
CASE STUDY：The Deadweight Loss Debate 132
Deadweight Loss and Tax Revenue as Taxe$V_anr 1 3 3
FVi Henry George and the Land Tax 134
eASE SUDY：The Laffer Curve and Supply．Side
Economics 1 35
Conclusion 1 37
Summary 138
Kev Concepts 1 38
Questions for Review 1 38
Problems and Applications 1 38
The Determinants of Trade 141
The Equilibrium without Trade 1 4 1
The Worid Price and Comparative Advantage 142

nners and Losers frombde ，43
The Gain~and Losses of an Exporting Country 1 4 3
The Gains and Losses of an Importing Countrv 1 45
The Effects of a 11a—ff 147
l‘Lifeinlsoland、49
The Effects of an Import Quota 1 50
The Arguments for Restricting Trade 1 5 2
Otiler Benefits of Intenla[iOnaTrade 1 53
The Tobs Argument 1 53
The National—Securitv Argument 1 54
The Infant—Industry Argument 1 54
The Unfair—Competition Argument 1 54
The Protection—as—a—Bargaining—Chip Argument 1 55
srU0y：’rrade Agreements and the World Trade
Organization 1 55
Globalization 1 56
Conclusion 1 57
Summary 1 58
Kev Concepts 1 59
Questions for Review 1 59
Problems and Applications 1 59
Externalities and Market Inefficiency 1 63
Welfare Economics：A Recap 1 64
Negative Externalities 1 65
Positive Externalities 1 66
CASE STUD" lndustrial Policy 1 67
Private Solutions to External ities 1 68
The Types of Private Solutions 1 68
The Coase Theorem 1 69
Whv Private Solutions Do Not Alwavs W()rk 170
Public Policies toward Externalities 17 1
Regulation 17 1
Pigovian Taxes and Subsidies 172
CASE STUDY：Whv Is Gasoline Taxed So Heavily?173
Tradable Pollution Permits 174
Objections to the Economic Analysis of Pollution 17 5
Conclusion 17 6
Summary 177
Key Concepts 17 7
Questions for Review 177
Problems and Applications 17 7
The Different Kinds 0f Goods 1 8 1
Public Goods 182
The Free—Rider Problem 183
Some Important Public Goods 183
STUDy：Are Lighthouses Public Goods?
The Difficult Job of Cost—Benefit Analysis 186
Common Resources 187
The Tragedy of the Commons 187
Some Important Common Resources 1 88
"。，n。I TheSingaporeSolution8
y：Whv the Cow Is Not Extinct 190
Should Yellowstone Charge as Much as
Disney World? 191
Conclusion：The Impor

自教育部在《关于加强高等学校本科教学工作提高教学质量的若干意见》[教高(2001)4号]中提出双语教学的要求后，各地高校相继开设了一系列双语教学课程。这对提高学生的学科和外文水平，开阔国际视野，培养创新型人才起到了重要的作用；一大批教师也逐渐熟悉了外文授课，自身的教学水平和能力得到较大提高，具备国际学术思维的中青年教师脱颖而出。同时，经过近几年的双语教学实践，国外原版教材量大、逻辑不够清晰、疏离中国现实等问题也影响了双语教学的效果。因此，对外版教材进行本土化的精简改编，使之更加适合我国的双语教学已提上教材建设日程。 为了满足高等学校经济管理类双语课程本土化教学的..

CONCLUSlON：MARKEEFFiCIENC：YAND MARKET FAlLURE This chapter introduced the basic tools of welfare economics--consumer and pro ducer surplus--and used them to evaluate the efficiency of free markets．Weshowed that the forces of supply and demand allocate resources efficientlv．That is，even though each buyer and seller in a market is concerned only about his or herown welfare，they are together led by an invisible hand to an equilibrium that maximizes the total benefits to buyers and sellers． A word of warning is in order．To conclude that markets are efficient，we made several assumptions about how markets work．When these assumptions do not hold，our conclusion that the market equilibrium is efficient may no longer be true．As we close this chapter,let’s consider briefly two of the most important of these assumptions． First，our analysis assumed that markets are perfectly competitive．In the world，however,competition is sometimes far from perfect．In some markets，a single buyer or seller(or a small group of them)may be able to contr01 market prices． This ability to influence prices is called market power．Market power can cause mar—kets to be inefficient because it keeps the price and quantity away from the equi—librium of supply and demand． Second，our analysis assumed that the outcome in a market matters only to the buyers and sellers in that market．Yet，in the world，the decisions of buyers and sellers sometimes affect people who are not participants in the market at a11．Pol一1ution is the classic example of a market outcome that aftects people not in the market．Such side effects，called externalities，cause welfare in a market to depend on more than just the value to the buyers and the cost to the sellers．Because buy—ers and sellers do not take these side effects into account when deciding how muchto consume and produce，the equilibrium in a market can be inefficient from the standpoint of society as a whole． Market power and externalities ……