软件工程：实践者之路（第五版）

《软件工程：实践者之路》一书，20年来，受到了学习软件工程的学生和该领域的专业人士的极大欢迎和推崇，在软件工程教学中被奉为经典。
本书第5版在内容设计上做了较大的改变，更新了关键内容，篇幅扩充到32章，重点阐述了现在很多人称之为“21世纪的工程准则”中所包含的每项内容。本书的版式和文字体例经过重新修订，更易于课堂教学和自学指导。此外，设置了一个全新的网址，为软件工程领域的学生、教师以及专业人士提供关于软件工程奖资源的全面服务。
本书分五大部分。第一部分引入软件产品、过程等基本概念；第二部分介绍软件项目管理，包括管理概念、过程与项目度量、项目计划、风险管理、项目进度与跟踪、质量保证、配置管理；第三部分介绍传统的软件工程方法，包括系统工程、需求分析、分析建模、设计概念、体系结构设计、用户界面设计、构件层设计、测试技术、测试策略、技术度量等；第四部分介绍面向对象软件工程，包括概念、分析、设计、测试、技术度量等；第五部分是高级话题，包括形式化方法、净室软件工程，基于构件的开发、客户机/服务器软件工程、Web工程、再工程和CASE。

Roger S．Pressman is an internationally recognized authority in software processimprovement and software engineering technologies．For over three decades，he hasworked as a software en~neer．a manager，a professor，an author，and a consultant，focus.As an industry practitioner and manager，Dr．Pressman worked on the development ofCAD／CAM systems for advanced engineering and manufacturing applications．He has alsoheld positions with responsibility for scientific and systems programming．
After receiving a Ph．D．in engineering from the University ofConnecticut，Dr．Pressmanmoved to academia where he became Bullard Associate Professor OfComputer Engineeringat the University of Bridgeport and director of the university。ComputerAided Design andManufacturing Center．
Dr．Pressman is currently president of R．S．Pressman＆Associates，lnca consultingfirm specializing in software engineering methods and training．He serves as principle consultant，helping companies establish effective software engineering practices．He also designed and evelopedthecompany'ssoRwareengineeringtraining and process improve-mentproducts--EssentialSoftwareEngineenng,acompletevideo curriculumthatisamongthe industry。s most comprehensive treatments of the subject，and Process Advisor,a self-directed system for software engineering process improvement．Both produc~are used by hundreds of companies worldwide．
Dr．Pressman has written many technical papers，is a regular contributor to industryperiodicals，andisauthorofsixbooks．InadditiontoSoftwareEngineenng：APractitioner Approach，he has written A Manager‘s Guide to Software Engineenng(McGraw-Hill)，an award-winning book that uses a unique Q＆A format to present management guidelines for instituting and understanding software engineering technology；Making Software Engi-neenngHappen(Prentice-Hall)，the first book to address the critical management problems associated with software process improvement；and Software Shock(Dorset House)，a treat-ment that focuses on software and its impact on business and society．Dr．Pressman is onthe Editorial Boards ofIEEESoftware and the CutterITJournal,and for many years，was
editorofthe“ManageV’columninIEEESoftware．
Dr．Pressman is a well-known speaker．keynoting a number of major industry confer-
ences．He has presented tutorials at the International Conference on Software Engineer-ing and at many other industry meetings．He is a member of the ACM．IEEE，and Tau Beta Pi，Phi Kappa Phi，Eta Kappa Nu，and Pi Tau Sigma．

PART ONE The Preduct and the Process
CHAPTER 1 The Producr
CHAPTER 2 The Process
PART TWO Maneging Software Projects
CHAPTER 3 Project Management Concepts
CHAPTER 4 Software Process and Project Metrics
CHAPTER 5 Software Project Planning
CHAPTER 6 Risk Analysis and Management
CHAPTER 7 Project Scheduling and Tracking
CHAPTER 8 Software Quality Assurance
CHAPTER 9 Software Configuration Management
PART THREE Conventional Methods for Software Engineering
CHAPTER 1O System Engineering
CHAPTER 11 Analysis Concepts and Principles
CHAPTER 12 Analysis Modeling
CHAPTER 13 Design Concep}s and Principles
CHAPTER 14 Architeclural Design
CHAPTER 15 User Interface Design
CHAPTER 16 ComponenHevel Design
CHAPTER 17 Software Tesling Techniques
CHAPTER 18 Software Testing Strategies
CHAPTER 19 Technical Metrics for Software
PART FOUR Object-Oriented Software Engineering
CHAPTER 20 Object-Oriented Concepts and Principles
CHAPTER 21 Object-Oriented Analysis
CHAPTER 22 Object-Oriented Design
CHAPTER 23 Object-Oriented Testing
CHAPTER 24 Technical Metrics for Object-Oriented Syslems
PART FIVE Advanced Topits in Seftware Engineering
CHAPTER 25 Formal Methods
CHAPTER 26 Cleanroom Software Engineering
CHAPTER 27 Component-Based Software Engineering
CHAPTER 28 Client/Server Software Engineering
CHAPTER 29 Web Engineering
CHAPTER 30 Reengineering
CHAPTER 3l Computer-Aided Software Engineering
CHAPTER 32 The Road Ahead

15．1.2 ReducetheUser'sMemory
Load The more a user has to remember，the more error-prone will be the interaction wil the system．It is for this reason that a well-designed user interface does not tax tl user，s memory．Whenever possible，the system should“remember pertinent info mation and assist the user with an interaction scenario that assists recall．Mand IMAN97defines design principles that enable an interface to reduce the user’s mer oryload：Reduce demand on short-term memory．When users are lnvolved in corn-plex tasks，the demand on short-term memory can be significant．The interface should be designed to reduce the requirement to remember past actions and results．This can be accomplished by providing visual cues that enable a user to recognize past actions，rather than having to recall hem．Establish meaIlinI口叫defaults．The initial set of defaults should make sense for the average user，but a user should be able to specify individual preferences．However．a“reset”option should be available，enabling the redefinition of orig-inal default values．Define shortcuts that are intuitive．Whan mnemonics are used to ccomplish a system function(e．g．，alt-P to invoke the print function)，the mnemonic should be tied to the action in a way that is easy to remember(e．g．，first letter ofthe task to be invoked)．The visual layout of the interface should be based on a real world metaphor．For example，a bill payment system should use a check book and check register metaphor to guide the user through the bill paying process．This enables the user to rely on well-understood visual cues．rather than memoriz sequence．Discloseinfornmtioninapro~essivefashion．
Theinterfaceshouldbeorga-nized hierarchically．That is，information about a task，an object．or some behav‘ior should be presented first at a high level of abstraction．More detail should be presented after the user indicates interest with a mouse pick．An example，corn-mon to many word-processing applica
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