联邦证据法第4版

    本书最突出的特点是简捷明快、深入浅出。本书又富有教学经验的法学院教授杰罗德?H?以兹瑞执笔，在四百余页的篇幅内集中介绍了刑事程序法基本原理、主要法规和重点案例。本书是“美国法精要”丛书中的一本。在国外本套书成为众多法学院的课外辅助教材，执业律师也经常借助这套书，也迅速了解自己尚未熟悉的某些部门法。

    迈克尔·H·格莱姆：迈阿密大学法学院教授，美国证据法界的著名学者。

    在美国法律教育界与律师实务界,“美国法精要”是颇具特色的一套书,其特点是简捷明快、深入浅出。美国法学院的学生将其作为课外教材，由此掌握美国各主要部门法的精义；执业律师也经常借助这套书，以迅速了解某些部门法的相关情况。我国的读者通过阅读原汁原味的英文来学习美国法律，可有效提高法律英语水平，促进与美国同行的对话与交流。

PREFACE
TABLE OF CASES
Article
1、General Provisions
2、Judicial Notice
3、[Burdens of Proof and]Presumptions in Civil[and Criminal]Actions and Proceedings
4、Relevancy and Its Limits
5、Privileges
6、Witnesses
7、Opinions and Expert Testimony
8、Hearsay
9、Authentication and Identification
10、Contents of Writings,Recordings,and Photographs
11、Miscellaneous Rules
INDEX

书摘
书摘

Morgan: The Morgan approach to presumptions may
be described as follows:
When fact A is established the jury is instructed that it
must find fact B unless and until the opponent per-
suades the jury that the nonexistence of fact B is more
probably true than not true.
Pursuant to the Morgan approach, application of a pre-
sumption shifts both the burden of production and the
burden of persuasion to the opposing party.
Asserting that Rule 301 "bursting bubble" accords too
slight an effect to presumptions, proponents of the Mor-
gan theory stress that presumptions rest upon the same
considerations of policy, fairness, and probability which
govern the allocation of the elements of the case original-
ly and are an aspect of allocation, working within the
larger framework of the elements of the case. To hold
that the sole effect of a presumption is that of requiring
the opposite party to produce evidence sufficient to sup-
port a finding of the nonexistence of the presumed fact,
wholly without regard to whether the evidence is in fact
believed, is argued by those supporting the Morgan ap-
proach to ignore the wisdom which underlies presump-
tions. In apparent response to such contentions, Rule
301 provides that the Morgan shifting burden of persua-
sion approach may be adopted with respect to a particu-
hr presumption by Act of Congress or these rules.
Notice that pursuant to Rule 301 when a presumption
operates against a party who already has the burden of
production as to the presumed fact, the presumption has
no effect. Similarly taking the Morgan approach, a
presumption operating against a party already possessing
the burden of persuasion as to the presumed fact has no
effect.*
*Illustration: Assume that a plaintiff brings an action for damage
su
……